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A formal definition of national economy size is given based on a mathematical definition of value that, in turn, originates in a vector programming model of value formation during satisfying economic agents' demands. There are two views of the size: total value of all goods in the economy and a number of people whose being can be supported by the economy by means of the technologies that are available in its actual state.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 330.115:336.748:63.001.573.

The opportunities to review the value theory are identified that resulting from findings of L.V. Kantorovich, A.L. Lourier, V.S. Nemchinov that are barely known outside Russia.
Access: on-line, HTML document (in Russian). UDK 330.133/.138:63.001.

A new method of micro-economic models applied to value theory is developed, which is based on the reciprocity theory and balance systems approach. The following problems are solved: the difference of value and price is precisely formulated; the dependence of preferences on value and the dependence of value on technological capabilities of an economy are discovered; mathematical formulation of a size of an economy is derived; the method of economic regulation is suggested that is based on influence of information on preferences. The new concept of value, which is presented in the brochure, interprets value as a cybernetic phenomenon. It explains how the processes of goods transformation become apparent in the relations between persons.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 338.5:63.001.573.

A model is presented explaining value formation by means of an exchange process in a market economy. A formal condition of exchange possibility is formulated for this model. To investigate the relation between Lagrangean multipliers (interpreted as values) and local properties of the technological set in Pareto optimum with respect to economic agents' demands, the functional matrix of the model is rewritten as a balance system and the theorem about balance system is applied. 
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The model of exchanges in a competitive economy is developed that is based on an economic agent model who maximises the levels of satisfying his demands. The existence of a weak tendency to formation of value is shown. The interrelation between value and (a) technologies, (b) shadow prices in basic microeconomic models is studied by means of balance systems formalism. The role of preferences in value formation is argued to be smaller than it is commonly acknowledged. The demographical and teleological determinants of value are identified and studied. It is shown that the pure market does not guarantee the correspondence of value ratios to the teleological determinant. One of the consequences is too low values of labour and of agricultural production in Russia, a shortage of short-term capital on agricultural firms. The solutions are discussed that allow overcoming the negative impact of this shortage.
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The detailed abstract of (108).
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 338.5:63.001.573

Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium model is extended by means of a set of not very demanding assumptions. This allows the methods of balance systems analysis to be applied. It is shown that, given the assumptions, Arrow-Debreu model displays the same dependence of value on commodity inputs as in the models described in (105) and (106).
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 519.8

On the basis of researching into theoretical models of competitive economy an approach was suggested solving the problems of agriculture rooted in distorted system of prices. It envisages the propagation of information on recommended prices of strategic goods in combination with arrangements on management of demand, supply and investments; program for the accumulation of working capital by agricultural enterprises; actions on increasing land prices.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 631.15.33.

The monograph gives an insight of transitional problems from the point of view of political economy. Chapter 10, which is authored by me, introduces vector programming models as means of theoretical analysis of social reproduction process considering an aspect of preferences reproduction. Three transformations of preferences are brought to light that are caused by information generated by production, exchange and accumulation processes. Opportunities to correct preferences in order to make economic development more stable are identified.
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Current regulating policies are aimed at eliminating negative effect of market failures and at controlling macroeconomic stability, but they do not sufficiently facilitate long-term aims of human being. A method of soft economic regulation making use of endogenous nature of preferences is suggested that is aimed at eliminating risks of terminating being of a civilised society in a long-run outlook. The key element of this method is informational control actions, in particular disseminating information about admissible values of strategical commodities, allowing a society to form such preferences of its members that conform the global economic efficiency criterion based on the concept of sustainable development.
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The research of low opportunity cost of agricultural land that is typical for Russia shows its influence on the level of agricultural production intensity, on its organisational forms and on pruduction relations in the sector. The necessary regulations are proposed aimed at raising land prices.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 631.15.333.013.2.

The modelling approach is suggested that allows representing value formation in a competitive economy under uncertainty about technologies. As it was shown, an effective algorithm of decision making in this case is based on using as economic agents' behaviour criteria some linear operators based on actual market prices adjusted for known information about forthcoming technological changes.
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An information process in a market economy is studied that decreases an uncertainty of preferences by the instrumentality of information generated by production, exchange and investment processes. It is shown that the preferences in market economy should be a subject to cognitive control.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 339.13:659.

The paper is actually a slightly edited part of (108), presenting a system of models of the theory of value and identifying outlines of its development.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 338.5.

The relation between prices and total production costs in agriculture is studied using the data of Russian input-output tables. The smaller the share of output in gross production the more precise the correlation of total production costs and prices. When the output is defined as labour force reproduction requirements, the total labour expenses are found to be identical to price values.
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The mathematical approach developed in (105) is expanded by considering externalities. The assumptions are identified that allow formation of common value in presence of externalities. The decision making process under externalities is shown to be similar to one under technological uncertainties (125). Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian).

The existence of internal reserves of stabilisation of reproduction process in Russian agriculture is justified. To engage these reserves, the suggestions are given aimed at re-accumulation of turnover assets of agricultural corporate farms and at increasing agricultural land prices. Based on land prices analysis, the economically justified structure of agricultural land with respect to ownership types is foreseen.
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The monograph spans theoretical and practical problems of value-related interactions in agriculture with special attention to their regulation. Particularly, there are presented the process of value formation, the realization of value in gross production costs, the methodology of measuring and analysis of gross production costs, the influence on agriculture of land value, of intersectoral redistribution and of shortage of turnover capital.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 631.16:658.155.

Gross amount of import consumption in Russian economy in 2001 was 3,56 times smaller than the national production of exported goods. To some extent this is caused by the need to repay foreign debts, including those of USSR. The article justifies another reason: insufficiency of international market prices, which predefine profits of foreign traders, to the technological structure of Russian economy. This causes its weak ability to productively use the goods that can be bought at  the world market in exchange to the foreign trade inflows.
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The results of (105) are summarized regarding to technical determination of value. A new definition of rent is given applicable to a technology. The terms 'marginal technology' and 'rent generating technology' are introduced. It is shown that the inverse matrices of marginal technologies and of rent generating technologies are identical. Interpretation of commodity value in terms of working time of an economy is justified.
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Annotation for (189).
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The paper analyses causes of ambiguous conclusions of studies approaching relations between market prices and expenses of natural inputs. A more meaningful formulation of the theorem on infinitesimal determinant (called the theorem on balance systems before 2006) is given. Based on author's definition of rent, a new approach to value analysis using input-output model is introduced. Following it, equilibrium prices are obtained from a dual system of input-output equations describing marginal technologies only, so to derive value added of gross technologies. An approach to measure sensitivity of value is suggested by means of principal minors of input-output equations describing marginal technologies.
Access: on-line, PDF document (in Russian). UDK 330.133.7:338.5.018.7:338.58

The content of the paper is similar to (184).
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A more stringent proof of  the theorem on infinitesimal determinant (called the theorem on balance systems before 2006) is given. The difference between Leontief's total expenditure coefficients and prices is explained (with an infinitely small deviation) by a superposition of value added per unit of total output and amount of net output. An approach is proposed that allows quantifying technical and redistributional impacts on price system.
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The paper presents an evidence of the hypothesis about domination of financial factors in price setting on the oil market by means of econometric model. Its parameters are estimated by generalized maximum entropy method. Two components of this model reflect the fundamental difference between the situation of intensive growth of oil prices in 2001-2008 and their growth during the second oil shock at the end of 70's. The results of the research could be used as a theoretical base for government decision making in monetary policy at the federal level, particularly concerning market of derivatives and in short-term forecasting of oil price on the world market.
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The paper shows that the basis of a competitive advantage of national economy is overall time savings on production of a unit of a commodity when this unit is produced in a specific national economy. Regulated formation of endogenous consumers' preferences may help increasing competitiveness of output of a national economy at the world market.
Access: on-line, PDF document. UDK 330.133.7.

© N.Svetlov, 2001-2009.
December 25, 2009.